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In December 1997, Ren Zhengfei and his management team gathered by the fireplace in a Silicon Valley hotel to discuss their recent meetings with a clutch of US innovation firms. During their American counterparts headed home for Christmas, the boss of Huawei, the Chinese telecommunications equipment maker, and his team remained at work, analysing what they had seen and heard. In Mr Ren's vision for global expansion, the US was to be the role model.

"We must respect them, learn from them, critically carry on [their work]," he concluded in an article praising companies just as IBM and Bell Labs for their innovative power, speed of movement and scale. Ever since, his company has paid up to 3 per cent of its revenue each year to consultancies including IBM, Accenture and Hay Group to model its management systems on US multinationals. "This has helped us develop a common language with clients all over the world," says a Huawei board member.