Internet addresses running out

In less than a year, the world will run out of internet addresses and inaction by internet providers could lead to broken applications and more expensive net connections, experts warn.

The protocol underpinning the net

The protocol underpinning the net, known as IPv4, provides only about 4 billion IP addresses - not website domain names, but the unique sequence of numbers assigned to each computer, website or other internet-connected device.

The explosion in the number of people, devices and web services on the internet means there are only about 232 million left. This allocation is set to be exhausted in about 340 days.

The IPv4 protocol

"When the IPv4 protocol was developed 30 years ago, it seemed to be a reasonable attempt at providing enough addresses, bearing in mind that at that point personal computers didn't really exist. The idea that mobile phones might want an IP address hadn't occurred to anybody because mobile phones hadn't been invented [and] the idea that airconditioners and refrigerators might want them was utterly ludicrous," said John Lindsay, carrier relations manager at internet service provider (ISP) Internode.

Internet experts derived a solution to the problem several years ago, which involves moving to a new protocol, IPv6, that provides trillions of addresses for every person on the planet. But most of the internet industry - including ISPs and websites - have been reluctant to make the necessary investments to move to IPv6.

The issue has been compared to Sydney running out of phone numbers when using a seven-digit system, which was solved by adding a 9 to the front of all numbers. But with the internet the solution is much more complex than that, as all devices that connect to the net will need to be reconfigured or upgraded.

The rise of smartphones

He says the rise of smartphones, PCs and internet-connected appliances means the address pool will run dry within a year, decades quicker than even he predicted.

Huston said that, once the available internet addresses ran out, a kind of black market for IP addresses would be created where "those services that have the highest capacity to pay will still be able to get more addresses, but those who can't get denied".

Stop-gap measure

As a stop-gap measure, Huston said ISPs would begin forcing multiple customers and devices to share single internet addresses, which would lead to common web applications ceasing to work. Huston pointed to web applications such as Gmail, Google Maps and iTunes as examples of those that would break.

"Over the years unless we embark on IPv6 then the internet will get slowly more and more strangled and applications will work in stranger ways," Huston said.

James Spenceley, chief executive at wholesale ISP Vocus, gave another example of an application that might cease to work under a shared IP address system: internet telephony.

"An internet service that resembles the service today might become a premium service, where you do have a unique IP address, [but] you might pay more."

Fortunately, some vendors have taken steps to support the move to IPv6. The Windows and Mac operating systems both support the new protocol, as do some smartphones such as the iPhone. Australian ISP Internode is the first to offer IPv6 as a commercial service.

Google's chief internet evangelist and one of the founding fathers of the internet, Vint Cerf, appeared in an online video in June urging ISPs to do more to transition to IPv6.